名词的变化规律
1.一般情况下加s(如cats,dogs,friends,books,papers等)
2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加es(如buses,boxes,matches,flashes等)
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y改为i再加es(如ladies,stories,candies等)但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys,day→days。
4.部分以o结尾的名词,有生命的加es,没生命的加s(如potatoes,tomatoes,photos,pianos等),以oo结尾一般情况下加s(如zoo,kangaroo等)
5.以f或fe结尾的名词,多把f或fe改为v再加es(如knives,shelves,leaves等)
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menworkers,womenteachers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
1、在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后读[s],如cups,hats,cakes。
2、在[s][z][t][f]等音后读[iz],如glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces。
3、在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后读[z],如beds,dogs,cities,knives。
动词各种时态的变化
一、动词三单形式的变化规律
1.直接在动词后加s,如want—wants,work—works,know—knows,help—helps,get—gets。
2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词在后面加es,如watch—watches,catch—catches。
3.以辅音字母加o结尾加es,如go—goes,do—does。
4.以辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为i再加es,如study—studies,carry—carries,fly—flies,worry—worries
5.以元音字母加y结尾,直接加s,如play—plays.
6.不规则变化
二、动词ing的变化规律:
1.英语动词加-ing,通常是在原形词尾直接加-ing构成:cough—coughing,climb—climbing,stand—standing,fight—fighting
2.以-e结尾的动词
(1)如果动词原形以一辅音加一不发音的-e结尾,一般应去掉e再加ing:
write—writing,hope—hoping,care—caring,stare—staring,plane—plan-ing,have—having,save—saving,produce—producing,breathe—breathing(2)以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉,将i变成y然后再加-ing:die—dying,tie—tying,vie—vying,lie—lying
(3)以-ee,-oe,-ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e:
see—seeing,flee—fleeing,free—freeing,agree—agreeing,hoe—hoeing,dye—dyeing,eye—eyeing
(4)以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing:
sue—suing,imbue—imbuing,construe—construing,pursue—pursuing,rue—ruing有时,词尾e可去掉也可保留:glue—gluing或glueing,cue—cuing或cueing,blue—blueing或bluing,true—truing或trueing,clue—clueing或cluing
3.以一元音加一辅音结尾的动词
(1)如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节,最后一个字母需要重复:
run—running,stop—stopping,hop—hopping,plan—planning,star—starring,control—controlling但辅音x是个例外,无需重复(x其实起着两个辅音的作用):tax—taxing,relax—relaxing
(2)如果动词最后一个音节为次重读音节,最后一个字母有时也重复:kidnap—kadnapping或kidnaping,program—programming或programing
(3)如果动词最后一个音节为非重读音节,最后一个字母大多无需重复:
open—opening,offer—offering,audit—auditing但在有些动词中,重复或不重复均可:worship—worshiping或worshipping,focus—focusing或focussing,cancel—canceling或cancelling,travel—traveling或travelling
以非重读的-el结尾的动词加-ing时,英国英语习惯于重复词尾l,而美国英语则习惯于不重复1。
4.若动词以一元音加一半元音(y或w)结尾,可直接加-ing:
pay—paying,throw—throwing,follow—following,draw—drawing,em-ploy—employing
5.以-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing:
frolic—frolicking,panic—panicking,mimic—mimicking,picnic—picnicking,traffic—trafficking
三、动词过去式的变化规律:
1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled,cook-cooked
2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
5.不规则动词过去式:
am,is-wasare-weredo-didsee-sawsay-saidgive-gaveget-gotgo-went
come-camehave-hadeat-atetake-tookrun-ransing-sangput-putmake-made
read-readwrite-wrotedraw-drewdrink-drankfly-flewride-rodespeak-spoke
sweep-sweptswim-swamsit-sat
形容词比较级
1、一般在词尾加er如long变为longer
2、以不发音的字母e结尾的加r如late变为leter
3、以重读闭音节结尾的词,而词尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写这一辅音字母,再加er如hot变为hotter
4、以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词先变y为i再加er如happy变为happier多音节词在词前加more如quickly变为morequickly
另外还有一些不规则变化如good变为bettermany变为more这类问题要注意积累一般在词尾加er如long变为longer。
标签:基础知识,英语