副词的构成
副词是用来表示动作的特征和状态的特征，它可以修饰动词、形容词、句子和其它的副
词。副词大多数是由形容词加-ly构成的，具体情况如下：
1．一般规律：在形容词的词尾后直接加-ly，如：warm — warmly, quick — quickly。
这种情况适用于以下几种词尾的形容词：
(1)以“辅音+ -e”结尾的，如：nice — nicely, wise — wisely
(2)以“元音+ -le”结尾的，如：sole — solely, pale — palely
例外：whole — wholly
(3)以“元音+ -l”结尾的，如：careful — carefully, oral — orally
例外：full——fully
2．其它以-e结尾的形容词
(1)以“辅音+-le”结尾的：去掉-e然后只加-y，如：able — ably, comfortable —
comfortably
(2)以“元音+-e”结尾的：去掉-e然后加-ly，如：due — duly，true — truly
3. 以-y结尾的：把-y变成-i，然后加-ly，如：pretty — prettily，happy — happily, dry
—
drily
例外：shy — shyly, sly — slyly
4．以-ic结尾的：在词尾加-ally，如：ethnic — ethnically, cryptic — cryptically
例外：public — publicly
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副词的种类
根据意义和句法功能，副词主要分为以下几种：
1．方式副词：well, fast, carefully, frankly, badly, daringly, etc.
2．地点副词：here, there, forwards, abroad, east, in, etc.
3．时间副词：tomorrow, now, today, then, yesterday, tonight, etc.
4．焦点副词：just, exactly, purely, especially, mainly, neither, etc.
5．强化副词：much, enough, completely, terribly, too, almost, etc.
6．句子副词：honestly, seriously, really, probably, naturally, oddly,etc.
7．连接副词：first, secondly, anyway, next, equally, similarly, etc.
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副词的位置
1．时间副词
(1)now的位置
Now Mary is very happy.(首位)
Mary is now very happy.(中位)
Mary is very happy now.(末位)
(2)never的位置
Jack never went abroad.(在表意动词前)
Jack has never been abroad.(在第一个助动词后)
Jack is never at home these days.(在系动词后)
never属中位副词，常见的还有：always, already, frequently, often, usually, sometimes等。
要注意的是，never放在首位时，主语和谓语动词要倒装；often被quite或very修饰时，可
放在末位或首位。如:
Never has Jack been abroad.
We’ve been there quite often.
Very often it rains here in April.
(3)其它常见的时间副词的位置
Tom is coming tomorrow.(首位或末位)
The plane arrived late.(一般末位)
Mary still dislikes dancing.(中位，常用于肯定句。)
Bob hasn’t finished it yet.(一般末位，和否定或疑问句连用。)
They have just begun.(中位，常和完成体连用。)
另外，还有today, eventually, afterwards等可放在首位或末位；recently, soon等常放在中
位。
2．地点副词和方式副词一般放在末位
Children are playing outside.
Bob drove very carefully.
Tom speaks French well.
3．程度副词的位置
This case isn’t too heavy.
You know her quite well.
Tom didn’t run quickly enough.
象too, quite等程度副词，总是放在它所修饰的形容词、副词之前。但enough要放在它
所修饰的形容词、副词之后。
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多个副词的顺序
多个副词放在一起时，可以依据以下顺序：
程度→状态→地点→时间
They played fairly well there yesterday.
这种词序有可能变动，如下句的时间副词yesterday可放在句首。
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副词的比较
1．副词与形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成的规则形式如下：
(1)在单音节的词尾后加-er和-est，如：
fast faster fastest
hard harder hardest
双音节的early亦按此规则变化，如：earlier, earliest.
(2)在其它词的前面加more和most，如：
\f gracefully more gracefully most gracefully
\f slowly more slowly most slowly
有的词可以有两种变化形式：
\f often oftener / more often oftenest / most often
\f quickly quicker / more quickly quickest / most quickly
只有少数副词有比较等级形式，其中主要是方式副词和部分时间副词。
2．副词比较等级的意义和结构与形容词相同，只是在其最高级级前可以不用定冠词。
现举例介绍副
词的比较等级结构：
(1)同等比较
I swim as often as he does.
我和他一样经常游泳。
Sound doesn’t travel so fast as light.
声音没有光传播得快。
(2)优等比较
She studies harder than her sister.
她比她妹妹学习用功。
You did more carefully today than yesterday.
你今天比昨天做得仔细。
(3)劣等比较
Bob behaves less politely than Jack.
鲍勃表现得不如杰克有礼貌。
Some plastics break less easily than glass.
一些塑料不象玻璃那样容易碎。
(4)最优等比较
Jack runs (the) fastest of the three.
杰克是三个人中跑得最快的。
This kind of metal is (the) most widely used in industry.
这种金属在工业上的应用最广泛。
(5)最劣等比较
He speaks English (the) least fluently in this class.
在这个班里，他的英语说得最不流利。
Among these children, Jenny writes (the) least neatly.
在这些孩子中，詹妮写得最不工整。
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容易混淆的副词
1．与形容词同形的副词
(1)常见的以-y结尾的、既是形容词又是副词的词有：weekly, monthly, yearly, early, hourly,
daily, nightly, fortnightly, deadly, masterly, only, leisurely等，如：
Daily papers are delivered daily.
日报每天送。(第一个daily为形容词，第二个为副词)
He made a masterly speech.
他发表了一个很有水平的演讲。(形容词)
He does his job masterly.
他的工作干得很出色。(副词)
(2)有些不以-y结尾的词，它们既是形容词又是副词：dead, far, hard, half, fast, long, little,
late, still, straight, well等，如：
The late edition of the paper came late yesterday.
该报的晚版昨天来晚了。(第一个late为形容词，第二个为副词)
She is dead.
他死了。(形容词)
You are dead right.
你绝对正确。(副词)
2．兼有两种形式的副词
有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词同形，另一种是在原有的形式后加-ly。这些词的
两种形式有时词义不同，有时它们的语法意义不同，有时是用法不同。
(1)两种形式区别不是很大，可以互换使用。如：
Don’t talk so loud / loudly.
别这么大声说话。
How slow / slowly the time passes!
时间过得多慢啊！
(2)两种形态词义不同，几乎相当于两个不同的词。如：
Jack works hard, but john hardly works.
杰克工作很努力，但约翰几乎不工作。
(3)两种形式的语法意义不同。一般来说，带-ly的副词表示行为方式或程度，而不带-ly
的副词表示状态或结果。从其意义上看，不带-ly的副词更象一个补足语。从句法上看，不
带-ly的副词一般都放在动词的后面，带-ly的副词则比较灵活。试比较：
They speak highly of him.
他们对他评价很大。(highly表示评价方式)
She speaks very high.
她说话嗓门大。(相当于Her voice is high.)
The clock goes slowly.
时间过得太慢了。(slowly表示go的方式)
My watch is going slow.
我的表走慢了。(相当于My watch is slow.)
标签：副词,区别,行为
